The Baseball Player and the Atom Bomb
08 October 2007 | Atomic Age, atomic bomb, Berg, cold war, Einstein, Hahn, Heisenberg, Reviewing, SF, spies | 8 comments
In the 1920s and 30s, Morris "Moe" Berg was a Major League Baseball player. He started out with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1923 and finished in 1939 with the Boston Red Sox. Despite the length of his career, by all accounts he was nothing special as a baseball player.
In December 1944, Moe found himself in the auditorium of the Zurich Polytechnic where a rebellious Einstein had once studied (one of his lecturers described him as a "lazy dog" for his failure to attend maths classes). On the stage that day was Werner Heisenberg, one of the central figures in the Nazi atomic bomb program, and Moe Berg was listening intently to what he was saying.
Moe was no fool. The six-foot one-inch tall baseball player had shone in his first appearance on the radio quiz show Information Please in 1938. A regular on the show later said he was the "most scholarly professional athlete" he'd ever met. At Princeton, Moe had studied seven languages, including Sanskrit. But it was German he needed that day in Zurich.
Despite his undoubted language skills, it's unclear how much of Heisenberg's abstruse discussion of S-matrix theory Moe Berg actually understood. After all, he wasn't a physicist. But what is clear is that Heisenberg didn't mention the atom bomb. For if he had, the baseball player from Newark would have reached into his pocket, taken out a .45 pistol, and shot him dead.
For Moe Berg - codename 'Remus' - was an operative of the OSS, the Office of Strategic Services, America's first central intelligence agency. His mission that day was to kill Heisenberg if he gave even the slightest hint during his lecture that the Nazis were close to building an atomic bomb. Fortunately for the quantum theorist, they weren't and the .45 stayed in Moe's pocket.
It's an extraordinary story - one of many moments of individual bravery now consigned to the history books of the atomic age. I came across it while reading the new paperback edition of Jeffrey T Richelson's Spying on the Atomic Bomb, a fascinating and detailed account of America's struggle to force the nuclear genie back into the bottle. Berg's exploits take up just a few pages of Richelson's impressive study which brings the story of proliferation right up to date with the latest intelligence assessment on Iran's atomic ambitions. His book reveals the secret history of spies and nuclear science that governments have in the past tried to keep hidden from their citizens.
Of course, in the Cold War most people were well aware of the threat from atomic weapons. Pop culture was full of references to the atomic age: fallout, H-bombs (as well as C-bombs and N-bombs), Geiger counters, radioactivity, megadeaths, and Doomsday Machines - this was the vocabulary of mass destruction that filled the newspapers and airwaves.
The A-word featured in countless film titles, from Canadian Mounties vs the Atomic Invaders (1953) to The Atomic Man (1956). Giant radioactive ants and dinosaurs rampaged across cinema screens. And in the first James Bond film, Dr No (1962), spies and mad atomic scientists came together in a cinematic formula that would prove a perennial success at the box-office.
As well as B movies about the A-bomb, children played with their toy Geiger counters and ate atomic fire ball candy. There were zappy atomic ray guns and, for the serious atomic nerds, there was the atomic energy lab, with real samples of uranium ore. (Can you imagine the teacher's reaction today if one of her kids came up and said, "Hey, miss, Susie has stolen my uranium!"?)
But for the adults, there was always the fear nagging in the back of their minds about what to do if the sirens sounded. Would government advice on how to "Protect and Survive" or "Duck and Cover" really be any good? One government sponsored book On How to Survive an Atomic Bomb, published in 1950, gave sartorial advice for Doomsday: women should wear stockings and long-sleeved dresses, and men should wear wide-brimmed hats.
For those who didn't swallow the official propaganda, there were other fanatasies. Such as the survivalist dream of returning to a frontier existence after the bombs had fallen and society had dissolved into a Mad Max world. It was a warped dream that spawned atomic erotica and even post-nuclear porn - books like Jane Gallion's Biker (1969) and George Smith's The Coming of the Rats (1961).
Today references to atomic or nuclear imagery have largely dropped out of pop culture. In fact, when they do appear, nukes are more likely to be saving the planet than destroying it, as in films like Armageddon (1998) or Sunshine (2007). The Cold War and the Atomic Age seem like ancient history to a new generation - stuff people tell you in school. Few really believe any more that "This Could Happen Tomorrow!".
Personally, I was never a great fan of the Atomic Energy Lab. But, as books like Richelson's show, the nukes are still out there - in the UK and the US as well as Iran and Russia. We might not be so obsessed with them, but they haven't gone away. And as President Putin gloats over the launch of a new missile that can hit a target 3,800 miles away with pin-point accuracy, the headlines are once again speaking of a new Cold War. We may need people like Moe Berg sooner than you think.
[also posted on TNB]
LiteraryMinded | 08 October 2007
Interesting as always PD, thank you. I have always been fascinated by the 'duck and cover' aspect. It seems ludicrous now 🙂
Angela
PD Smith | 09 October 2007
Thanks Angela. Yes, good old Bert the turtle is quite a star...!
David Thorpe | 15 October 2007
Lovely footnote. Lots more examples of early gaffs in John May's Greenpeace Guide to the Nuclear Age, if you can get a copy.
PD Smith | 16 October 2007
Thanks David!
indeterminacy | 03 November 2007
I chanced in here (via literary minded) and was quite happy to find such an interesting post.
A common theme of radio plays of the time (40's/50's) was the destruction of the Earth visa atomic weapons. In "LIghts Out": a chain reaction destroys the atmosphere, viewed by a group of scientists returning from a trip to the moon
In "Dimension X": Aliens are monitoring Earth and waiting to destroy it upon firing of the first atomic bomb. This plotline recurred in several different versions.
If you#re interested in obtaining mp3s of some of these, drop me a line and I'll send them to you somehow.
I'm too young to remember duck and cover, but going to elementary school in the 60's we did sometimes have air raid drills in which we had to duck under the desk, and ball up with our hands behind our head for protection.
This cool song "Kulturelle Revolution" by Felix Kubin uses a sound clip of the "Duck and Cover" soundtrack:
http://www.gagarinrecords.com/artists/felixkubin/av.php
PD Smith | 04 November 2007
Thanks very much for that comment - very interesting! Apart from Mercury Theatre's "War of the Worlds" I have to admit I didn't really explore radio productions...there's such a wealth of material out there though & it's great to know someone else is watching out for them! By the way, Mercury Theatre has a great site with MP3s... http://www.mercurytheatre.info/
Always happy to know of more sites with links to atomic age material - let me know and I'll add them to my rapidly increasing page of links...
indeterminacy | 04 November 2007
You're welcome. I know the link 😉 A lot of the science fiction series are available now at archive.org. The specific atomic stories I know of are: Dimension X (Outer Limit), X Minus 1 (remake of Outer Limit), Beyond Tomorrow (Incident at Switchpath), Lights Out (The Rocket Ship).
2000 Plus and Exploring Tomorrow were other sci-fi series, but I'm not sure of the individual stories.
Then there was an interesting series which tried to predict the future of atomic energy "The Fifth Horseman" from 1946 (also at archive.org).
PD Smith | 05 November 2007
Many thanks for those - archive.org is a fantastic resource. Anyone interested in watching atomic age clips should go to their moving image section and search for 'atomic'. Some chilling stuff...
Let me know if you find others! Cheers.